A Placebo-controlled double-blinded test of the biodiversity hypothesis of immune-mediated diseases: Environmental microbial diversity elicits changes in cytokines and increase in T regulatory cells in young children
Roslund MI, Parajuli A, Hui N, et al (2022)
A Placebo-controlled double-blinded test of the biodiversity hypothesis of immune-mediated diseases: Environmental microbial diversity elicits changes in cytokines and increase in T regulatory cells in young children.
Highlights
•Homogenized, microbiologically rich soil can be used to rewild urban playgrounds.
•Placebo-controlled intervention promotes immunomodulation among urban children.
•Shifts in skin microbiota are associated with interleukin-10 and T cell frequencies.
•Enhanced immunomodulation is related to microbiota; sensing green is not needed.
•The findings support the biodiversity hypothesis of immune-mediated diseases.
https://gyazo.com/ff3fe54561ca1a9d787c2998133c9aa3
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Background
According to the biodiversity hypothesis of immune-mediated diseases, lack of microbiological diversity in the everyday living environment is a core reason for dysregulation of immune tolerance and – eventually – the epidemic of immune-mediated diseases in western urban populations. Despite years of intense research, the hypothesis was never tested in a double-blinded and placebo-controlled intervention trial.
Objective
We aimed to perform the first placebo-controlled double-blinded test that investigates the effect of biodiversity on immune tolerance.
Methods
In the intervention group, children aged 3–5 years were exposed to playground sand enriched with microbially diverse soil, or in the placebo group, visually similar, but microbially poor sand colored with peat (13 participants per treatment group). Children played twice a day for 20 min in the sandbox for 14 days. Sand, skin and gut bacterial, and blood samples were taken at baseline and after 14 days. Bacterial changes were followed for 28 days. Sand, skin and gut metagenome was determined by high throughput sequencing of bacterial 16 S rRNA gene. Cytokines were measured from plasma and the frequency of blood regulatory T cells was defined as a percentage of total CD3 +CD4 + T cells.
Results
Bacterial richness (P < 0.001) and diversity (P < 0.05) were higher in the intervention than placebo sand. Skin bacterial community, including Gammaproteobacteria, shifted only in the intervention treatment to resemble the bacterial community in the enriched sand (P < 0.01). Mean change in plasma interleukin-10 (IL-10) concentration and IL-10 to IL-17A ratio supported immunoregulation in the intervention treatment compared to the placebo treatment (P = 0.02). IL-10 levels (P = 0.001) and IL-10 to IL-17A ratio (P = 0.02) were associated with Gammaproteobacterial community on the skin. The change in Treg frequencies was associated with the relative abundance of skin Thermoactinomycetaceae 1 (P = 0.002) and unclassified Alphaproteobacteria (P < 0.001). After 28 days, skin bacterial community still differed in the intervention treatment compared to baseline (P < 0.02).
Conclusions
This is the first double-blinded placebo-controlled study to show that daily exposure to microbial biodiversity is associated with immune modulation in humans. The findings support the biodiversity hypothesis of immune-mediated diseases. We conclude that environmental microbiota may contribute to child health, and that adding microbiological diversity to everyday living environment may support immunoregulation.
背景:免疫介在性疾患の生物多様性仮説によれば、日常生活環境における微生物学的多様性の欠如が、免疫寛容の調節不全、ひいては西洋の都市人口における免疫介在性疾患の蔓延の中核的理由であるとされている。長年にわたる熱心な研究にもかかわらず、この仮説は二重盲検プラセボ対照の介入試験で検証されたことはない。 方法: 介入群では、3-5歳の児童に、微生物的に多様な土壌で強化された遊び場の砂を、プラセボ群では、視覚的には似ているが微生物的に貧弱な砂を泥炭で着色したものを与えた(各処理群13名)。子どもたちは1日2回、20分間、砂場で14日間遊んだ。ベースラインと14日後に砂、皮膚および腸内細菌、血液のサンプルを採取した。細菌の変化は28日間追跡された。砂、皮膚、腸のメタゲノムが、細菌の16 S rRNA遺伝子のハイスループット配列決定によって決定された。血漿からサイトカインを測定し、血中制御性T細胞の頻度を全CD3 +CD4 + T細胞に対する割合で定義した。 結果: 細菌の豊富さ(P < 0.001)および多様性(P < 0.05)は、プラセボの砂よりも介入群で高かった。ガンマプロテオバクテリアを含む皮膚細菌群集は、介入処理においてのみ、濃縮砂の細菌群集に類似するように変化した(P < 0.01)。血漿中インターロイキン-10(IL-10)濃度およびIL-10/IL-17A比の平均変化量は、プラセボと比較して介入治療で免疫調節を支持した(P = 0.02)。IL-10濃度(P = 0.001)およびIL-10/IL-17A比(P = 0.02)は、皮膚上のガンマプロテオバクテリアのコミュニティーと関連していた。Treg頻度の変化は、皮膚のThermoactinomycetaceae 1(P = 0.002)および未分類のAlphaproteobacteria(P < 0.001)の相対的存在量と関連していた。28日後、介入治療ではベースラインと比較して皮膚細菌群集に依然として差がみられた(P < 0.02)。 結論: これは、微生物の生物多様性への毎日の曝露が、ヒトにおける免疫調節と関連することを示した最初の二重盲検プラセボ対照試験である。この知見は、免疫介在性疾患に関する生物多様性仮説を支持するものである。環境微生物叢は子供の健康に寄与する可能性があり、日常の生活環境に微生物の多様性を加えることで免疫調節をサポートする可能性があると結論づけた。
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